![Ahaetulla nasuta ( Common Green Snake ) [ Original photo copyright © Dr Wolfgang Wuster ]](images/snakes/SNP00041.jpg)
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Family: Colubridae
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Subfamily: Colubrinae
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Genus: Ahaetulla
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Species: nasuta
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Common Names
Common Green Snake , Long-nosed Whip Snake , Eye Pecker , Eye Plucker , Common Green Whip Snake , Common Whip Snake , Common Vine Snake , Green Vine Snake , Long-nosed Tree Snake
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Local Names
Ahaetulla , Kan Kuthi Pambu , Pachchai Pambu
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Region
Indian Sub-continent + Southeast Asia
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Countries
Cambodia, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
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Taxonomy and Biology
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Adult Length: 0.95 m
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General Shape
Long, very slender and markedly compressed snake ( body distinctly elliptical in cross section ) with a very long and more cylindrical tail. Can grow to a maximum of about 1.90 metres. Head is distinct from neck, elongate ( more than 3 times as long as it is broad ), depressed and snout very sharply pointed with a rostral appendage. Eyes are large in size with horizontally elliptical pupils and golden iris. Dorsal scales are quite dull, smooth and oblique with vertebral scales slightly enlarged. Dorsal scale count 15 - 15 - 13 ( 11 ).
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Habitat
Found in low bushes, shrubs and trees in lowland forest terrain at elevations up to about 1000 metres, particularly near streams and often found near human settlements.
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Habits
Diurnal and arboreal, but may descend to the ground to search for food. It moves quickly in trees in pursuit of prey, but is generally a slow-moving and elegant climber. If cornered or provoked it will rear its forebody, curves and dilates its body exposing the black and white pattern of the skin and opens its large and elongated mouth in a menacing appearance. It is able to extend about half its body length and sway slowly whilst moving its head irregularly to simulate a tree branch. Generally mild disposition but does have a reputation for striking at the eyes ( Ahaetulla = eye-picker ) if not held securely or threatened.
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Prey
Feeds mainly on calotes ( and their eggs ) and geckos, birds, frogs, slugs, mice and occasionally other snakes.
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Venom
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General: Venom Neurotoxins
Probably not present
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General: Venom Myotoxins
Probably not present
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General: Venom Procoagulants
Probably not present
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General: Venom Anticoagulants
Probably not present
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General: Venom Haemorrhagins
Probably not present
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General: Venom Nephrotoxins
Probably not present
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General: Venom Cardiotoxins
Probably not present
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General: Venom Necrotoxins
Probably not present
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General: Venom Other
Unknown
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Clinical Effects
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General: Dangerousness
Mild envenoming only, not likely to prove lethal
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General: Rate of Envenoming: Unknown but likely to be low
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General: Untreated Lethality Rate: Unlikely to prove lethal
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General: Local Effects
Local pain & swelling
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General: Local Necrosis
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: General Systemic Effects
General systemic effects unlikely
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General: Neurotoxic Paralysis
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Myotoxicity
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Coagulopathy & Haemorrhages
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Renal Damage
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Cardiotoxicity
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Other
Unknown
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First Aid
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Description: First aid for bites by non-front-fanged colubroid snakes likely to cause either no effects or only mild local effects.
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Details
1. After ensuring the patient and onlookers have moved out of range of further strikes by the snake, the bitten person should be reassured and persuaded to lie down and remain still. Many will be terrified, fearing sudden death and, in this mood, they may behave irrationally or even hysterically. The basis for reassurance is the fact that many venomous bites do not result in envenoming, the relatively slow progression to severe envenoming (hours following elapid bites, days following viper bites) and the effectiveness of modern medical treatment.
2. The bite wound should not be tampered with in any way. Wiping it once with a damp cloth to remove surface venom is unlikely to do much harm (or good) but the wound must not be massaged.
3. All rings or other jewellery on the bitten limb, especially on fingers, should be removed, as they may act as tourniquets if oedema develops.
4. The bitten limb should be immobilised as effectively as possible using an extemporised splint or sling.
5. If there is any impairment of vital functions, such as problems with respiration, airway, circulation, heart function, these must be supported as a priority. In particular, for bites causing flaccid paralysis, including respiratory paralysis, both airway and respiration may be impaired, requiring urgent and prolonged treatment, which may include the mouth to mask (mouth to mouth) technique of expired air transfer. Seek urgent medical attention.
6. Do not use Tourniquets, cut, suck or scarify the wound or apply chemicals or electric shock.
7. Avoid peroral intake, absolutely no alcohol. No sedatives outside hospital. If there will be considerable delay before reaching medical aid, measured in several hours to days, then give clear fluids by mouth to prevent dehydration.
8. If the offending snake has been killed it should be brought with the patient for identification (only relevant in areas where there are more than one naturally occurring venomous snake species), but be careful to avoid touching the head, as even a dead snake can envenom. No attempt should be made to pursue the snake into the undergrowth as this will risk further bites.
9. The snakebite victim should be transported as quickly and as passively as possible to the nearest place where they can be seen by a medically-trained person (health station, dispensary, clinic or hospital). The bitten limb must not be exercised as muscular contraction will promote systemic absorption of venom. If no motor vehicle or boat is available, the patient can be carried on a stretcher or hurdle, on the pillion or crossbar of a bicycle or on someone's back.
10. Most traditional, and many of the more recently fashionable, first aid measures are useless and potentially dangerous. These include local cauterization, incision, excision, amputation, suction by mouth, vacuum pump or syringe, combined incision and suction ("venom-ex" apparatus), injection or instillation of compounds such as potassium permanganate, phenol (carbolic soap) and trypsin, application of electric shocks or ice (cryotherapy), use of traditional herbal, folk and other remedies including the ingestion of emetic plant products and parts of the snake, multiple incisions, tattooing and so on.
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Treatment
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Treatment Summary
Bites by this species are not expected to cause medically significant effects and the only risk, probably small, is local secondary infection. Patients presenting with bites by these snakes do not require medical attention, other than to check for infection and ensure tetanus immune status. Patients should be advised to return if local symptoms develop, suggesting secondary infection.
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Key Diagnostic Features
Bites unlikely to cause more than mild to moderate local swelling & pain, occasionally local bruising, paresthesia/numbness, erythema or bleeding, but no necrosis and no systemic effects.
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General Approach to Management
While most cases will be minor, not requiring admission, some cases will be more severe, requiring admission and treatment, so assess carefully before early discharge.
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Antivenom Therapy
No antivenom available
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