Clinical Toxinology Resources Home
 
 
 
Aipysurus apraefrontalis
General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid , Antivenoms
Family: Elapidae
Subfamily: Hydrophiinae
Genus: Aipysurus
Species: apraefrontalis
Common Names
Short-nosed Sea Snake
Region
Seasnakes
Countries
Australia
 
Taxonomy and Biology
Adult Length: 0.65 m
General Shape
Slender to medium bodied snake with neck diameter at least one third that of mid body diameter. Tail compressed laterally. Head short, small, slightly pointed and barely distinct from body. Can grow to a maximum of about 1.10 metres. Eyes are medium in size with round pupils. Body scales smooth and imbricate but may have short tubercles or with a short keel posteriorly. Ventral scales with median keel and deeply notched behind, often with ragged hind margins. Ventral scales large, each being at least 3 times as large as adjacent body scales. Dorsal scale count 17 - 17 - ( 17 or 15 ).
Habitat
Shallow marine : Tropical reef flats and reef edges.
Prey
Feeds mainly on eels and some small fish species.
Species Map
Small (Approx 20k) version
 
Venom
General: Venom Neurotoxins
Postsynaptic neurotoxins
General: Venom Myotoxins
Probably present, but not confirmed.
General: Venom Procoagulants
Not present
General: Venom Anticoagulants
Not present
General: Venom Haemorrhagins
Not present
General: Venom Nephrotoxins
Secondary nephrotoxicity only
General: Venom Cardiotoxins
Secondary cardiotoxicity only
General: Venom Necrotoxins
Not present
General: Venom Other
Not present or not significant
 
Clinical Effects
General: Dangerousness
Clinical effects uncertain, but related to medically important species, therefore major envenoming cannot be excluded.
General: Rate of Envenoming: Unknown
General: Untreated Lethality Rate: Unknown
General: Local Effects
None or minimal
General: Local Necrosis
Not likely to occur
General: General Systemic Effects
Variable non-specific effects which may include headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dizziness, collapse or convulsions
General: Neurotoxic Paralysis
No clinical reports for this species, but related species cause flaccid paralysis
General: Myotoxicity
No case reports for this species, but related species can cause systemic myolysis
General: Coagulopathy & Haemorrhages
Unlikely to occur
General: Renal Damage
No case reports for this species, but related species can cause renal failure secondary to myolysis.
General: Cardiotoxicity
No case reports for this species, but related species can cause hyperkalaemic cardiotoxicity secondary to myolysis.
General: Other
Insufficient clinical reports to know
 
First Aid
Description: First aid for bites by Elapid snakes which do not cause significant injury at the bite site (see Comments for partial listing), but which may have the potential to cause significant general (systemic) effects, such as paralysis, muscle damage, or bleeding.
Details
1. After ensuring the patient and onlookers have moved out of range of further strikes by the snake, the bitten person should be reassured and persuaded to lie down and remain still. Many will be terrified, fearing sudden death and, in this mood, they may behave irrationally or even hysterically. The basis for reassurance is the fact that many venomous bites do not result in envenoming, the relatively slow progression to severe envenoming (hours following elapid bites, days following viper bites) and the effectiveness of modern medical treatment.
2. The bite wound should not be tampered with in any way. Wiping it once with a damp cloth to remove surface venom is unlikely to do much harm (or good) but the wound must not be massaged. For Australian snakes only, do not wash or clean the wound in any way, as this may interfere with later venom detection once in a hospital.
3. All rings or other jewellery on the bitten limb, especially on fingers, should be removed, as they may act as tourniquets if oedema develops.
4. If the bite is on a limb, a broad bandage (even torn strips of clothing or pantyhose) should be applied over the bitten area at moderate pressure (as for a sprain; not so tight circulation is impaired), then extended to cover as much of the bitten limb as possible, including fingers or toes, going over the top of clothing rather than risking excessive limb movement by removing clothing. The bitten limb should then be immobilised as effectively as possible using an extemporised splint or sling.
5. If there is any impairment of vital functions, such as problems with respiration, airway, circulation, heart function, these must be supported as a priority. In particular, for bites causing flaccid paralysis, including respiratory paralysis, both airway and respiration may be impaired, requiring urgent and prolonged treatment, which may include the mouth to mask (mouth to mouth) technique of expired air transfer. Seek urgent medical attention.
6. Do not use Tourniquets, cut, suck or scarify the wound or apply chemicals or electric shock.
7. Avoid peroral intake, absolutely no alcohol. No sedatives outside hospital. If there will be considerable delay before reaching medical aid, measured in several hours to days, then give clear fluids by mouth to prevent dehydration.
8. If the offending snake has been killed it should be brought with the patient for identification (only relevant in areas where there are more than one naturally occurring venomous snake species), but be careful to avoid touching the head, as even a dead snake can envenom. No attempt should be made to pursue the snake into the undergrowth as this will risk further bites.
9. The snakebite victim should be transported as quickly and as passively as possible to the nearest place where they can be seen by a medically-trained person (health station, dispensary, clinic or hospital). The bitten limb must not be exercised as muscular contraction will promote systemic absorption of venom. If no motor vehicle or boat is available, the patient can be carried on a stretcher or hurdle, on the pillion or crossbar of a bicycle or on someone's back.
10. Most traditional, and many of the more recently fashionable, first aid measures are useless and potentially dangerous. These include local cauterization, incision, excision, amputation, suction by mouth, vacuum pump or syringe, combined incision and suction ("venom-ex" apparatus), injection or instillation of compounds such as potassium permanganate, phenol (carbolic soap) and trypsin, application of electric shocks or ice (cryotherapy), use of traditional herbal, folk and other remedies including the ingestion of emetic plant products and parts of the snake, multiple incisions, tattooing and so on.
 
Treatment
Treatment Summary
Sea snake bites vary from trivial to lethal envenoming, so urgently assess all cases, looking especially for paralysis and/or myolysis. These usually develop in first 6 hrs. They require good hydration/renal flow, respiratory support (for respiratory paralysis), IV antivenom (CSL Sea Snake AV).
Key Diagnostic Features
Minimal local pain, development over several hours of flaccid paralysis and/or myolysis
General Approach to Management
All cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal. Rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom (if indicated & available) is mandatory. Admit all cases.
Antivenom Therapy
Antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming. Multiple doses may be required.
Antivenoms
1. Antivenom Code: MAuCSL03
Antivenom Name: Sea snake antivenom
Manufacturer: CSL Limited
Phone: ++61-3-9389-1911
Toll free: 1800 642 865
Address: 45 Poplar Road
Parkville
Victoria 3052
Country: Australia
No images
Find a Reference
Reference Number: