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Cacophis squamulosus
General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid , Antivenoms
Family: Elapidae
Subfamily: Elapinae
Genus: Cacophis
Species: squamulosus
Common Names
Golden Crowned Snake
Region
Australia
Countries
Australia
 
Taxonomy and Biology
Adult Length: 0.50 m
General Shape
Small in length, cylindrical, medium bodied snake with a short tail. Can grow to a maximum of about 0.85 metres. Head is rounded, relatively large and distinct from neck. Eyes are moderately small in size with vertically elliptical pupils. Iris is coloured reddish orange and mottled. Dorsal scales are smooth and glossy.
Habitat
Warm temperate to subtropical coastal plains and ranges in wet sclerophyll forest , woodland and shrubland, particularly closed heath areas in the north of the range, often near watercourses, of the Australian central east coast and adjacent slopes, valleys and plains.
Habits
Nocturnal and secretive snake. Usually takes shelter under fallen timber, flat rocks or leaf litter during the day. Relatively mild disposition. If provoked, it will raise the anterior body with the head held high, the snout tilted downward but rarely attempts to bite if it strikes.
Prey
Feeds mainly on small skinks but will eat agamids, lizard eggs, blind snakes and small frogs.
Species Map
Small (Approx 20k) version
 
Venom
General: Venom Neurotoxins
Unknown
General: Venom Myotoxins
Unknown
General: Venom Procoagulants
Unknown
General: Venom Anticoagulants
Unknown
General: Venom Haemorrhagins
Unknown
General: Venom Nephrotoxins
Unknown
General: Venom Cardiotoxins
Unknown
General: Venom Necrotoxins
Unknown
General: Venom Other
Unknown
 
Clinical Effects
General: Dangerousness
Unknown, but unlikely to cause significant envenoming, most unlikely to be dangerous.
General: Rate of Envenoming: Unknown but likely to be low
General: Untreated Lethality Rate: Unlikely to prove lethal
General: Local Effects
Insufficient clinical reports to know
General: Local Necrosis
Insufficient clinical reports to know
General: General Systemic Effects
Insufficient clinical reports to know
General: Neurotoxic Paralysis
Insufficient clinical reports to know
General: Myotoxicity
Insufficient clinical reports to know
General: Coagulopathy & Haemorrhages
Unlikely to occur
General: Renal Damage
Insufficient clinical reports to know
General: Cardiotoxicity
Insufficient clinical reports to know
General: Other
Insufficient clinical reports to know
 
First Aid
Description: First aid for bites by Elapid snakes which do not cause significant injury at the bite site (see Comments for partial listing), but which may have the potential to cause significant general (systemic) effects, such as paralysis, muscle damage, or bleeding.
Details
1. After ensuring the patient and onlookers have moved out of range of further strikes by the snake, the bitten person should be reassured and persuaded to lie down and remain still. Many will be terrified, fearing sudden death and, in this mood, they may behave irrationally or even hysterically. The basis for reassurance is the fact that many venomous bites do not result in envenoming, the relatively slow progression to severe envenoming (hours following elapid bites, days following viper bites) and the effectiveness of modern medical treatment.
2. The bite wound should not be tampered with in any way. Wiping it once with a damp cloth to remove surface venom is unlikely to do much harm (or good) but the wound must not be massaged. For Australian snakes only, do not wash or clean the wound in any way, as this may interfere with later venom detection once in a hospital.
3. All rings or other jewellery on the bitten limb, especially on fingers, should be removed, as they may act as tourniquets if oedema develops.
4. If the bite is on a limb, a broad bandage (even torn strips of clothing or pantyhose) should be applied over the bitten area at moderate pressure (as for a sprain; not so tight circulation is impaired), then extended to cover as much of the bitten limb as possible, including fingers or toes, going over the top of clothing rather than risking excessive limb movement by removing clothing. The bitten limb should then be immobilised as effectively as possible using an extemporised splint or sling.
5. If there is any impairment of vital functions, such as problems with respiration, airway, circulation, heart function, these must be supported as a priority. In particular, for bites causing flaccid paralysis, including respiratory paralysis, both airway and respiration may be impaired, requiring urgent and prolonged treatment, which may include the mouth to mask (mouth to mouth) technique of expired air transfer. Seek urgent medical attention.
6. Do not use Tourniquets, cut, suck or scarify the wound or apply chemicals or electric shock.
7. Avoid peroral intake, absolutely no alcohol. No sedatives outside hospital. If there will be considerable delay before reaching medical aid, measured in several hours to days, then give clear fluids by mouth to prevent dehydration.
8. If the offending snake has been killed it should be brought with the patient for identification (only relevant in areas where there are more than one naturally occurring venomous snake species), but be careful to avoid touching the head, as even a dead snake can envenom. No attempt should be made to pursue the snake into the undergrowth as this will risk further bites.
9. The snakebite victim should be transported as quickly and as passively as possible to the nearest place where they can be seen by a medically-trained person (health station, dispensary, clinic or hospital). The bitten limb must not be exercised as muscular contraction will promote systemic absorption of venom. If no motor vehicle or boat is available, the patient can be carried on a stretcher or hurdle, on the pillion or crossbar of a bicycle or on someone's back.
10. Most traditional, and many of the more recently fashionable, first aid measures are useless and potentially dangerous. These include local cauterization, incision, excision, amputation, suction by mouth, vacuum pump or syringe, combined incision and suction ("venom-ex" apparatus), injection or instillation of compounds such as potassium permanganate, phenol (carbolic soap) and trypsin, application of electric shocks or ice (cryotherapy), use of traditional herbal, folk and other remedies including the ingestion of emetic plant products and parts of the snake, multiple incisions, tattooing and so on.
 
Treatment
Treatment Summary
As bites cause either no effects or only local effects, not including necrosis, symptomatic treatment is usually appropriate. Secondary infection is a potential risk, though unlikely.
Key Diagnostic Features
Unknown. Consider possibility of local pain & swelling.
General Approach to Management
It is possible that most cases will be minor, but some cases may be more severe, requiring admission and treatment, so assess carefully before discharge.
Antivenom Therapy
Only antivenoms available are for related species, but should be used for significant envenoming
Antivenoms
No Antivenoms
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