 |
|
|
![Neomys anomalus ( Mediterranean Shrew ) [ Original photo copyright © Markus Nolf ]](images/other_life/TVP05041.jpg)
|
|
Class: Mammalia
|
|
Order: Insectivora
|
|
Family: Soricidae
|
|
Genus: Neomys
|
|
Species: anomalus
|
|
Subspecies: millerii
|
Common Names
Southern Water Shrew
|
Region
Middle East + Europe + North Africa + West Asia
|
Countries
Belgium, France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Kazakstan, Portugal, Spain, Uzbekistan
|
|
|
|
|
|
Taxonomy and Biology
|
|
Adult Length: 65 mm
|
Habitat
Much like the closely related species N. fodiens individuals are found near streams, lakes or marshes. Individuals live highly aquatic lifestyle with the ability to remain submerged for 5-20 seconds.
|
Habits
Much like the closely related species N. fodiens individuals are active all year round during the day or night but are most active at night. Individuals live a predominantly solitary lifestyle. In the wild individuals are thought to maintain territories however captive individuals will co-habitat if provided with sufficient space.
|
Prey
Much like the closely related species N. fodiens is an opportunistic generalist consuming invertebrates, small vertebrates, Gastropoda, Amphibia (from freshwater Dipteran larvae to sizable fish and frogs). Individuals often cache food for later consumption often takeing more aquatic prey when terrestrial prey scarce during winter and spring.
|
|
|
|
Toxins
|
Preferred LD50 Estimate
LD through i.v injection of salivary gland extract 50 mg / kg (rabbit) Pucek (1969) (Ref : R007372).
|
General: Neurotoxins
Present (insect neurotoxin)
|
General: Myotoxins
Unknown
|
General: Procoagulants
Unknown
|
General: Anticoagulants
Unknown
|
General: Haemorrhagins
Unknown
|
General: Nephrotoxins
Unknown
|
General: Cardiotoxins
Unknown
|
General: Necrotoxins
Unknown
|
General: Other Toxins
Unknown
|
|
|
|
Clinical Effects
|
General: Dangerousness
Not considered dangerous to humans
|
|
General: Rate of Envenoming: Unknown
|
|
General: Untreated Lethality Rate: No lethal potential from envenoming in humans
|
General: Local Effects
Bites cause variable local reactions, from trivial to severe burning pain, extending up the limb, sometimes associated with extensive local swelling. Both pain and swelling can last up to several days.
|
General: Local Necrosis
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
|
General: General Systemic Effects
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
|
General: Myotoxicity
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
|
General: Coagulopathy & Haemorrhages
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
|
General: Renal Damage
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
|
General: Cardiotoxicity
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
|
General: Other
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
|
|
|
|
First Aid
|
|
Description: Bites by venomous mammals (shrews etc).
|
Details
1. Remove the patient from continued exposure to the mammal.
2. If the mammal is still attached to the patient (ie still biting) then carefully prize the jaws open. Do not pull the mammal off as this may increase the extent of skin injury as some of these mammals have very sharp teeth that may lacerate the skin.
3. Note the physical characteristics of the mammal so that, if necessary, it can be described to health care workers. If you have a camera, photograph the mammal.
4. Clean the wound with antiseptic, if available, otherwise use clean, preferably sterile water.
5. If the wound is deep, or there is extensive damage, or if significant pain persists after 30 minutes, seek medical care.
6. Tetanus infection is possible with any bite wound. If the patient does not have current tetanus immunisation, seek medical care.
7. Secondary infection is possible with any bite wound. If the wound initially appears minor, but over the next few days becomes red, tender to touch, more painful, swollen, or develops a discharge, secondary infection may have developed. In this case seek urgent medical care.
8. Systemic (general) effects from salivary venom from these animals are not expected. If the patient develops any systemic (general) symptoms, such as headache, vomiting, fever, dizziness, weakness, difficulty breathing, or any other general symptom, seek urgent medical care. If breathing is impaired, support using available methods, including mouth-to-mouth breathing if nothing else is available. It is emphasised that such systemic effects are not expected and not reported and this advice is given for completeness, not in the expectation it is likely to be required.
|
|
|
|
Treatment
|
Treatment Summary
Bites may cause significant local pain and swelling, but not systemic envenoming, nor major local envenoming effects (other than pain). At most, venom plays only a minor or local role. Treatment should be directed to good wound care, symptomatic care, including analgesia, if necessary, and ensuring tetanus immunisation is up to date. Secondary infection may potentially occur, but routine prophylactic antibiotics are not required.
|
Key Diagnostic Features
Local pain ± swelling, without systemic effects.
|
General Approach to Management
Most cases will be minor & not require admission.
|
Antivenom Therapy
No antivenom available
|
|
|
|
