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Class: Mammalia
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Order: Insectivora
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Family: Solenodontidae
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Genus: Solenodon
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Species: paradoxus
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Common Names
Hispaniolan Solenodon , Haitian Solenodon
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Region
Central America
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Countries
Dominican Republic, Haiti
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Taxonomy and Biology
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Adult Length: 0.28 m
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Habitat
Forests and brushy areas, often around plantations. Individuals often spend considerable time underground.
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Habits
S. paradoxus are mainly nocturnal, sheltering by day in caves, rocky crevices, hollow trees, logs or burrows they dig themselves. They have been found to construct extensive burrows systems through deep layers of humus where they forage and nest beneath the surface.
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Prey
Individuals obtain their food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and tearing into rotten logs and trees with their foreclaws. Prey includes invertebrates, fruits, vegetables and occasionally poultry.
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Toxins
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Preferred LD50 Estimate
LD through i.v injection of salivary gland extract in saline of 450 mg / kg (mice) capable of killing in 2-6 mins Dufton (1992) (Ref : R007343).
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General: Neurotoxins
Present (insect neurotoxin)
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General: Myotoxins
Unknown
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General: Procoagulants
Unknown
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General: Anticoagulants
Unknown
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General: Haemorrhagins
Unknown
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General: Nephrotoxins
Unknown
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General: Cardiotoxins
Unknown
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General: Necrotoxins
Unknown
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General: Other Toxins
Unknown
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Clinical Effects
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General: Dangerousness
Not considered dangerous to humans
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General: Rate of Envenoming: Unknown
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General: Untreated Lethality Rate: No lethal potential from envenoming in humans
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General: Local Effects
Bites cause variable local reactions, from trivial to severe burning pain, extending up the limb, sometimes associated with extensive local swelling. Both pain and swelling can last up to several days.
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General: Local Necrosis
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: General Systemic Effects
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Myotoxicity
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Coagulopathy & Haemorrhages
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Renal Damage
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Cardiotoxicity
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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General: Other
Does not occur, based on current clinical evidence
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First Aid
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Description: Bites by venomous mammals (shrews etc).
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Details
1. Remove the patient from continued exposure to the mammal. 2. If the mammal is still attached to the patient (ie still biting) then carefully prize the jaws open. Do not pull the mammal off as this may increase the extent of skin injury as some of these mammals have very sharp teeth that may lacerate the skin. 3. Note the physical characteristics of the mammal so that, if necessary, it can be described to health care workers. If you have a camera, photograph the mammal. 4. Clean the wound with antiseptic, if available, otherwise use clean, preferably sterile water. 5. If the wound is deep, or there is extensive damage, or if significant pain persists after 30 minutes, seek medical care. 6. Tetanus infection is possible with any bite wound. If the patient does not have current tetanus immunisation, seek medical care. 7. Secondary infection is possible with any bite wound. If the wound initially appears minor, but over the next few days becomes red, tender to touch, more painful, swollen, or develops a discharge, secondary infection may have developed. In this case seek urgent medical care. 8. Systemic (general) effects from salivary venom from these animals are not expected. If the patient develops any systemic (general) symptoms, such as headache, vomiting, fever, dizziness, weakness, difficulty breathing, or any other general symptom, seek urgent medical care. If breathing is impaired, support using available methods, including mouth-to-mouth breathing if nothing else is available. It is emphasised that such systemic effects are not expected and not reported and this advice is given for completeness, not in the expectation it is likely to be required.
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Treatment
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Treatment Summary
Bites may cause significant local pain and swelling, but not systemic envenoming, nor major local envenoming effects (other than pain). At most, venom plays only a minor or local role. Treatment should be directed to good wound care, symptomatic care, including analgesia, if necessary, and ensuring tetanus immunisation is up to date. Secondary infection may potentially occur, but routine prophylactic antibiotics are not required.
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Key Diagnostic Features
Local pain ± swelling, without systemic effects.
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General Approach to Management
Most cases will be minor & not require admission.
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Antivenom Therapy
No antivenom available
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